Bħalissa, is-suġġett tax-xogħol prekarju rega’ qiegħed fuq l-aġenda nazzjonali. Madankollu, ftit qiegħed jingħad x’qed jikkawża din il-prekarjetà u x’inhuma s-soluzzjonijiet.
Hawn min jiddubita jekk dan il-fenomenu jeżistix. Fuq dan m‘għandniex naħlu wisq ħin għaliex dan il-fenominu huwa dokumentat sew fl-Ewropa kollha, inkluża Malta, mill-EUROSTAT innifisu. Dan minbarra l-istejjer ta’ qsim il-qalb li tisma’ minn bosta familji meta tkun qed titħaddet magħhom.
Mhux kull kuntratt definit għal żmien qasir, jew kull xogħol part-time, huwa xogħol prekarju. Hawn ħaddiema li dan it-tip ta xogħol jaqdi l-bżonnijiet tagħhom. Huwa xogħol prekarju meta wieħed ifittex xogħol full-time u jsib biss part-time, jew meta jfittex xogħol permanenti u jsib biss kuntratti qosra ħafna u ikollu jaċċettahom kontra qalbu għax ma jsibx alternattiva. Huwa hawn li dawn it-tip ta’ kuntratti jaqgħu fid-definizzjoni ta’ xogħol prekarju.
M’hemm l-ebda dubju li dawk il-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol fejn ikollok taċċetta inqas mill-paga minima għax min iħaddem jiċċarġja ta’ ċerti servizzi li s-soltu jingħataw b’xejn huwa xogħol prekarju. L-argument ta’ dawk li jiddefendu lil min iħaddem li dan ix-xogħol ma’ jeżistix huwa fjakk għall-aħħar. Kienet tkun iktar difiża b’saħħitha kieku qalu ‘isma aħna bħala ditti, bħala intrapriżi, sirna vittmi ta’ din is-sistema daqs kemm huma l-impjegati tagħna’, u imbagħad nibdew l-argument minn hemm.
F’artiklu ta’ xi ġimgħat ilu, irrimarkajt li s-suq minnu nnifsu joħloq id-diżugwaljanzi li l-gvern jista’ jagħmel tajjeb għalihom u jikkoreġihom permeżż ta’ taxxi u dħul ieħor. Iżda s-suq nnifsu ma jistax jiġi rregolat? Żgur li jista’ jiġi rregolat. Hija l-funzjoni tal-liġijiet u regolamenti oħra li jiċċekjaw is-suq innifsu. Ir-regolamenti dwar is-saħħa fuq il-post tax-xogħol, dwar it-tniġġiż tal-arja, il-fuel li jista’ jintuża u dwar prattiċi fir-relazzjonijiet industrijali, inkluż id-dritt tal-unjons, kif ukoll il-paga minima nnifisha, huma kollha eżempji ta’ intervent dirett fis-suq.
Fl-Istati Uniti jħallu s-suq jaħdem b’inqas intervent tar-regoli. Hemm ħafna regoli dwar is-saħħa, iżda dwar r-relazzjonijiet industrijali u pagi, ir-regolamenti huma ġeneralment iktar laxki minn dawk Ewropej. Aħna fl-Ewropa niftaħru li għandna mudell b’kuxjenza ikbar. Dan insejħulu l-Mudell Ekonomiku Soċjali Ewropew li jagħmilna differenti mill-Amerika.
Li qed jiġri llum hu li dan il-mudell qed jitgerrem. Huwa għalhekk li qed jinħoloq dan ix-xogħol prekarju.
Kawżi u rimedji
Biex tasal għar-rimedji trid, l-ewwelnett, isib il-kawżi. Jekk il-kawżi ġejjin minn barra, trid tikkordina ma’ pajjiżi oħra Ewropej u taħdem flimkien biex tindirizzahom. Hekk per eżempju hija l-istrateġija msejħa 2020 tal-UE.
Fatturi ewlenin huma r-riċessjoni internazzjonali u l-programmi ta’ awsterità. Dawn żgur se jgerrmu l-kundizzjonijiet tax-xogħol. Meta l-qagħad, bħal ma hu fi Spanja, jilħaq l-24 fil-mija u fl-Italja jiġri l-istess ikun hemm pressjoni fuq il-gvernijiet biex inaqqsu minn dawk il-kundizzjonijiet li huma jqisu li qed iżommu n-nies milli jiġu mpjegati.
Hemm regolamenti li, filwaqt li jissalvagwardjaw in-nies li qed jaħdmu, liż-żagħżagħ qed ixekkluhom milli jsibu x-xogħol. Ċertu prattiċi li, għat-trejdjunjins, iwasslu għal xogħol prekarju jistgħu jitqiesu mill-ekonomisti bħala prattiċi li jżidu x-xogħol, speċjalment għaż-żagħżagħ. Il-gvern irid isib bilanċ bejn waħda u oħra. L-għażla f’dan il-każ ma hiex faċli.
Ix-xogħol prekarju beda jiżdied minn qabel ma seħħet din il-kriżi, pass pass mal-globalizzazjoni nnifisha. Il-fatt illi s-suq mhux iżjed protett fejn jidħlu prodotti impurtati, ifisser li trid tikkompeti direttament ma’ swieq barranin fejn il-kundizzjonijiet huma ħżiena ħafna. Qabel konna nipproteġu. Issa mhux permess, u trid tikkompeti maċ-Ċina u mal-Indja. Dawn qed jipproduċu l-istess prodotti li qed nipproduċu aħna u allura se jagħmel pressjoni kbira biex l-kundizzjonijiet tagħna jersqu lejn tagħhom biex nikkompetu u nbiegħu il-prodotti.
It-trejdjunjoniżmu llum qed jitlef ħafna mis-saħħa li kellu. It-trejdjunjins fejn kienu b’saħħithom? F’ażjendi kbar, bħat-Tarznari, fost l-impjegati tal-gvern u fl-ażjendi monopolistiċi parastatali, bħal tal-energija u tat-telekuminikazzjoni. Dawn qed jiġu kollha pprivatizzati. Fil-privat ikun hemm il-kompetizzjoni. Il-posta per eżempju llum għandha kompetizzjoni akbar minn qabel. Għalhekk meta titlef il-monopolju, tikber il-kompetizzjoni u tiddajjef il-junjin, ix-xogħol jintefa’ fis-suq ħieles bir-riżultati li qed nosservaw.
Dawn huma fenomini li parti minnhom huma taħt il-kontroll tagħna, parti minnhom mhumiex. Jekk rridu niġġildulhom irridu niġġildulhom bħala blokk Ewropew għax inkella se jkun hemm dik li ngħidula tellieqa ‘l isfel. Minħabba l-kompetizzjoni, pajjiż A jaqta’ l-pagi, allura Pajjiż B jkollu jagħmel-istess. Mela din hija l-kompetizzjoni lejn il-qiegħ u l-gvernijiet Ewropej iridu jwaqqfuha milli tkompli taċċellera.
Dan ma jfissirx li mhemmx affarijiet li jistgħu jsiru lokalment. Hekk, per eżempju l-gvern, bħala l-ikbar employer fil-pajjiż, jimpjega kważi 40 fil-mija tal-labour force u meta joffri l-kuntratti għandu dmir li ma jaċċettax prattiċi li jinkludu x-xogħol prekarju.
Inkunu żbaljati li permeżż ta’ hekk naħsbu li ser inkunu qed insolvu l-każijiet kollha tal-prekarjat.
– l-orizzont : It-Tnejn, 14 ta’ Mejju, 2012
124 responses to “Xogħol Prekarju: Hemm Soluzzjonijiet?”
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